Washers
Hardened steel washers are necessary in high-quality bolted joints to prevent pre-load loss from brinelling when the torque is applied. Additionally, washers play an essential part in preventing galvanic corrosion by protecting steel screws from surfaces made from aluminium.
Split Lock Washers
Helicoidal-shaped split rings are split lock washers. When two ends are fastened jointly, a spring force is applied to the fastener, increasing friction and impeding motion. The most popular type of lock washers are helical spring lock washers, which work best in applications with lighter weights.
Flat Washers
The primary function of flat washers is to enlarge the bearing surface area of a screw and minimise the surface pressure that impacts the object being protected. Using a flat washer to lower the surface pressure is particularly useful since looseness might occur when the bearing surface dips under the pressure. This is especially important if the object being secured is made of a soft material, like aluminium or resin, or if the contact area between a screw's bearing surface and the object being fastened is tiny, as is the case when fastening to a slot.
